ModernWestern Philosophy Course Quiz_问卷系统

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Modern Western Philosophy Course Quiz

This questionnaire assesses your understanding of key concepts in Modern Western Philosophy, covering philosophers such as Nietzsche, Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein. It includes true/false, multiple choice, and multiple select questions.

In The Gay Science §125, Nietzsche’s “God is dead” is presented as a cultural‑historical diagnosis rather than a metaphysical proof.

True

False

In “On Sense and Meaning,” Frege holds that the cognitive value of true identity statements such as “morning star = evening star” is explained by a difference in reference, not in sense.

True

False

In “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description,” Russell maintains that not all knowledge of physical objects, including things like tables and Socrates, is by acquaintance; descriptions allow reference without direct acquaintance.

True

False

In Philosophical Investigations §43, Wittgenstein gives the first formulation of his use-theory of meaning, when he writes that “the meaning of a word is its use in the language”.

True

False

In Nietzsche’s “madman” passage (Gay Science §125), what key claim signals the need for a revaluation of values?

The Will to Power is true

God is dead

Eternal recurrence is necessary

Science refutes metaphysics

Which best captures Frege’s distinction?

Reference is the mode of presentation; sense is the object named

Sense is the mode of presentation; reference is the object named

Both sense and reference are objects

There is only sense, not reference

Which is Russell’s paradigm of what he calls a “logically proper name”?

Socrates

The present King of France

This

Redness

In PI §23, why does Wittgenstein introduce “language games”?

To derive a formal calculus for all meanings

To emphasize the diversity of uses of words

To ground meaning in private inner ostension

To reduce grammar to pragmatics

What is the role of Nietzsche’s remark on Eternal Recurrence (GS §341)?

Attention: From now on (including this question), all questions will be multiple–choice, where the number of correct answers is GREATER THAN or EQUAL TO one.

It functions as a test of life affirmation: could you will that your life be repeated, “again and innumerable times”?

It is offered strictly as a cosmological proof about time’s structure.

It reorients ethics toward creating values that align with Socrates’ philosophy.

In one sentence, what is Frege’s point about identity statements?

“a = a” is trivial while “a = b” can be informative, suggesting a difference in sense despite sameness of reference.

If two names share a reference, they must share a sense; otherwise identity statements are contradictory.

The informativeness of “Hesperus = Phosphorus” motivates distinguishing sense (mode of presentation) from reference.

Explain [a number of] types of things that Russell says we can, or says we cannot, be acquainted with.

With ordinary physical objects (tables, stars), our knowledge is typically by description via sense‑data, not by acquaintance with the objects themselves.

We are directly acquainted with other people’s minds.

We are acquainted with God.

Explain Wittgenstein’s rule-following problem in no more than three sentences.

The problem is how to explain how a rule fixes what counts as going on “in the same way” in new cases, rather than any of infinitely many incompatible continuations.

Explaining why people often forget rules they once learned.

Wittgenstein’s rule‑following problem asks how a rule can determine one unique way to “continue” in new cases when any finite history of applications is compatible with infinitely many continuations. For example, consider the “quus (⊕)” function. Define x ⊕ y = x + y if x, y < 57, and x ⊕ y =5 otherwise; if your past training only involved small sums up to56, all your previous answers fit both plus and quus. So how is it determined which function you used in the past or whether you should respond125 or5 when asked for the sum of68 and57?

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